Research Papers

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Campbell, D. and P. Keddy. 2022. The roles of competition and facilitation in producing zonation along an experimental flooding gradient: a tale of two tails with ten freshwater marsh plants. Wetlands 42: 5 doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01524-4

Keddy, P. A. 2020. Growing up to become a wetland ecologist: chance, choice or destiny? pp. 129-133 in D. A. Wilcox (ed.) History of Wetland Science: A Perspective from Wetland Leaders. Amazon, USA. ISBN 9798668260232 (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and D. Campbell. 2020. The twin limit marsh model: a non-equilibrium approach to predicting marsh vegetation on shorelines and in floodplains. Wetlands 40: 667-680 (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and J. C. Cahill. 2018. Competition in Plant Communities. in D. Gibson (ed.) Oxford Bibliographies Online: Ecology. Oxford University Press, NY.

Keddy, P. A. 2017. Introductory sources in ecology. in D. Gibson (ed.) Oxford Bibliographies Online: Ecology. Oxford University Press, NY. (link to online version here on Keddy site)

Keddy, P. A. 2017. Restoration of freshwater wetlands. Chapter 17 in S. K. Allison and S. D. Murphy (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Ecological and Environmental Restoration. Routledge, Taylor and Francis, NY. ISBN-13 978-1138922129 (Download PDF)

Campbell, D. C., P. A. Keddy, M. Broussard and T. McFalls-Smith. 2016. Small changes in flooding have large consequences: experimental data from ten wetland plants. Wetlands 36: 1-10. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 2016. Wetlands. in E. Wohl (ed.) Oxford Bibliographies in Environmental Science. Oxford University Press, NY. (link to online version here on Keddy site)

Keddy, P. A. 2015. Competition. in eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 2012. Competition in plant communities. in D. Gibson (ed.) Oxford Bibliographies Online: Ecology. Oxford University Press, NY.

Keddy, P. A. 2012. Foreword: Some thoughts on San Francisco Bay and its wetlands. Pp xv-xviii in A. Palaima (ed.) Ecology, Conservation and Restoration of Tidal Marshes: the San Francisco Estuary. University of California Press, Berkeley. (Download PDF)

McFalls, T. B., P. A. Keddy, D. Campbell and G. Shaffer. 2010. Hurricanes, floods, levees and nutria: Vegetation responses to interacting disturbance and fertility regimes with implications for coastal wetland restoration.  Journal of Coastal Research 26: 901-911. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 2009. Thinking big: A conservation vision for the Southeastern coastal plain of North America. Southeastern Naturalist 8: 213-226. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., L. H. Fraser, A. I. Solomeshch, W. J. Junk, D. R. Campbell, M. T. K. Arroyo, and C. J. R. Alho. 2009. Wet and wonderful: The world’s largest wetlands are conservation priorities. BioScience 59: 39-51. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., L. Gough, J. A. Nyman, T. McFalls, J. Carter and J. Siegrist. 2009. Alligator hunters, pelt traders, and runaway consumption of Gulf coast marshes: A trophic cascade perspective on coastal wetland losses. p. 115-133 in B. R. Silliman, E. D. Grosholz, and M. D. Bertness (eds.) Human Impacts on Salt Marshes. A Global Perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. (Download PDF)

Clark, M. A. J. Siegrist and P. A. Keddy. 2008. Patterns of frequency in species-rich vegetation in pine savannas: effects of soil moisture and scale. Ecoscience 15: 94-100. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. 2008. Freshwater marshes. p. 1690-1697 in S. E. Jørgensen and B. D. Fath (editor-in-chief), Ecosystems. Vol. 2 of Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, Oxford, UK. (Download PDF)

Roth, A-M., D. Campbell, P. A. Keddy, H. Dozier and G. Montz. 2008. How important is competition in a species-rich grassland? A two-year removal experiment in a pine savanna. Ecoscience 15: 94-100. (Download PDF)

Cahill, J. F. Jr., S. W. Kembel, E. G. Lamb and P. A. Keddy. 2008. Does phylogenetic relatedness influence the strength of competition among vascular plants? Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10: 41-50. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak.  2007. The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future.  Environmental Reviews 15: 1- 35. (Download PDF)

Geho, E. M., D. Campbell and P. A. Keddy. 2007. Quantifying ecological filters: the relative impact of herbivory, neighbours, and sediment on an oligohaline marsh. Oikos 116: 1006-1016. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., L. Smith, D. R. Campbell, M. Clark and G. Montz. 2006. Patterns of herbaceous plant diversity in southeastern Louisiana pine savannas. Applied Vegetation Science 9: 17-26. (Download PDF)

Menzel, T. O., P. A. Keddy, D. Kandalepas and D. Campbell . 2006. Grasshopper communities in relation to plant species and habitat type within the West Lake Pontchartrain Basin. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences 68: 1-12. (Download PDF)

Houlahan, J., P. Keddy, K. Makkey and C.S. Findlay. 2006. The effects of adjacent land-use on wetland plant species richness and community composition.  Wetlands 26: 79-96. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 2005. Putting the plants back into plant ecology: six pragmatic models for understanding and conserving plant diversity. (Invited Review) Annals of Botany 95: 1-13. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 2005. Milestones in ecological thought− A canon for plant ecology. (Invited Perspective) Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 145-150. (Download PDF)

Fraser, L. H. and P. A. Keddy. 2005. Can competitive ability predict structure in experimental plant communities? Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 571-578. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and L. H. Fraser. 2005. Introduction: big is beautiful. p. 1-10 in L. H. Fraser and P. A. Keddy (eds.) The World’s Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Fraser, L. H. and P. A. Keddy. 2005. The future of large wetland systems: a global perspective. p. 446-468 in L. H. Fraser and P. A. Keddy (eds.) The World’s Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Keddy, P. A. 2005. Competition. 7 p. in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Chichester (http://www.els.net/ [doi:10.1038/npg.els.0003162]).

Visser, J. M., S. D. Steyer, G. P. Shaffer, S. S. Höppner, M. W. Hester, E. Reyes, P. Keddy, I. A. Mendelssohn, C. E. Sasser and C. Swarzenski. 2004. Chapter C.9 Habitat switching module. p. C-143-159 in US Army Corps of Engineers and State of Louisiana Ecosystem Restoration Study Louisiana Coastal Area (LCA), Louisiana. US ACE, New Orleans.

Keddy, P. A. 2002. Interior Wetlands. pp. 443-447 in N. Eldredge. (ed.) Life on Earth: An Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution. 2 Vol. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, CA.

Keddy, P. A. and L. H. Fraser. 2002. The management of wetlands for biological diversity: four principles. p. 21-42 in R. S. Ambasht and N. K. Ambasht (eds.) Modern Trends in Applied Aquatic Ecology. Kluwer, New York. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P., K. Nielsen, E. Weiher, and R. Lawson. 2002. Relative competitive performance of 63 species of terrestrial herbaceous plants. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 5-16. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., L. H. Fraser, and T. A. Keogh. 2001. Responses of 21 wetland species to shortage of light, nitrogen and phosphorus. Bulletin of the Geobotanical Institute ETH 67: 13-25. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and L. H. Fraser. 2000. Four general principles for the management and conservation of wetlands in large lakes: the role of water levels, nutrients, competitive hierarchies and centrifugal organization. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 5: 177-185. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., C. Gaudet, and L. H. Fraser. 2000. Effects of low and high nutrients on the competitive hierarchy of 26 shoreline plants. Journal of Ecology 88: 413-423. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and L. H. Fraser. 1999. On the diversity of land plants. Ecoscience 6: 366-380. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1999. Wetland restoration: the potential for assembly rules in the service of conservation. Wetlands 19: 716-732. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and E. Weiher. 1999. The scope and goals of research on assembly rules. in E. Weiher and P. Keddy (eds.) Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Weiher, E. and P. A. Keddy. 1999. Relative abundance and evenness patterns along diversity and biomass gradients. Oikos 87: 355-361.

Keogh, T., P. A. Keddy and L. H. Fraser. 1999. Patterns of tree species richness in forested wetlands. Wetlands 19: 639-647.

Weiher, E. and P. A. Keddy. 1999. Assembly rules as general constraints on community composition. in E. Weiher and P. Keddy (eds.) Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Keddy, P. A. 1999. Epilogue: from global exploration to community assembly. in E. Weiher and P. Keddy (eds.) Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Keddy, P. A., L. H. Fraser, and I. C. Wisheu. 1998. A comparative approach to examine competitive response of 48 wetland plant species. Journal of Vegetation Science 9: 777-786. (Download PDF)

Hill, N. M., P. A. Keddy and I. C. Wisheu. 1998. A hydrological model for predicting the effects of dams on the shoreline vegetation of lakes and reservoirs. Environmental Management 22: 723-736. (Download PDF)

Le Page, C. and P. A. Keddy. 1998. Reserves of buried seeds in beaver ponds. Wetlands 18: 242-248.

Weiher, E., G. D. P. Clarke and P. A. Keddy. 1998. Community assembly rules, morphological dispersion, and the coexistence of plant species. Oikos 81: 309-322. (Download PDF).

Fraser, L. H. and P. Keddy. 1997. The role of experimental microcosms in ecological research. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 478-481. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P., L. Twolan-Strutt and B. Shipley. 1997. Experimental evidence that interspecific competitive asymmetry increases with soil productivity. Oikos 80: 253-256. (Download PDF)

Toner, M. and P. Keddy. 1997. River hydrology and riparian wetlands: a predictive model for ecological assembly. Ecological Applications 7: 236-246. (Download PDF)

Weiher, E., I. C. Wisheu, P. A. Keddy and D. R. J. Moore. 1996. Establishment, persistence, and management implications of experimental wetland plant communities. Wetlands 16: 208-218. (Download PDF)

Wisheu, I. C., and P. A. Keddy. 1996. Three competing models for predicting the size of species pools: a test using eastern North American wetlands. Oikos 76: 253-258. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and C. G. Drummond. 1996. Ecological properties for the evaluation, management, and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 6: 748-762. (Download PDF)

Twolan-Strutt, L. and P. A. Keddy. 1996. Above- and below-ground competition intensity in two contrasting wetland plant communities. Ecology 77: 259-270. (Download PDF)

Weiher, E. and P. A. Keddy. 1995. Assembly rules, null models, and trait dispersion: new questions from old patterns. Oikos 74: 159-165. (Download PDF)

Weiher, E. and P. A. Keddy. 1995. The assembly of experimental wetland plant communities. Oikos 73: 323-335. (Download PDF)

Belcher, J., P. A. Keddy and L. Twolan-Strutt. 1995. Root and shoot competition along a soil depth gradient. Journal of Ecology 83: 673-682. (Download PDF)

Gaudet, C .L. and P. A. Keddy. 1995. Competitive performance and species distribution in shoreline plant communities: a comparative approach. Ecology 76: 280-291. (Download PDF)

McJannet, C. L., P. A. Keddy, and F. R. Pick. 1995. Nitrogen and phosphorus tissue concentrations in 41 wetland plants: a comparison across habitats and functional groups. Functional Ecology 9: 231-238. (Download PDF)

Shipley, B. and P. A. Keddy. 1994. Evaluating the evidence for competitive hierarchies in plant communities. Oikos 69: 340-345. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. 1994. Reflections on the 21st birthday of MacArthur’s Geographical Ecology – applications of the Hertzprung-Russel star diagram to ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 231-234. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., L. Twolan-Strutt and I. C. Wisheu 1994. Competitive effect and response ranking in 20 wetland plants: are they consistent across three environments? Journal of Ecology 82: 635-643. (Download PDF)

Reader, R. J., S. D. Wilson, J. W. Belcher, I. Wisheu, P. A. Keddy, D. Tilman, E. C. Morris, J. B. Grace, J. B. McGraw, H. Olff, R. Turkington, E. Klein, Y. Leung, B. Shipley, R. Van Hulst, M.E. Johansson, C. Nilsson, J. Gurevitch, K. Grigulis, and B.E. Beisner. 1994. Intensity of plant competition in relation to neighbor biomass: an intercontinental study with Poa pratensis. Ecology 75: 1753-1760. (Download PDF)

Wisheu, I. C. and P. A. Keddy. 1994. The low competitive ability of Canada’s Atlantic coastal plain shoreline flora: implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 68: 247-252.

Wisheu, I. C., C. J. Keddy, P. A. Keddy, and N. M. Hill. 1994. Disjunct Atlantic coastal plain species in Nova Scotia: distribution, habitat and conservation priorities. Biological Conservation 68: 217-224.

Keddy, P. A. 1993. Do ecological communities exist? A reply to Bastow Wilson. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 135-136.

Wilson, S. D., D. R. J. Moore and P. A. Keddy 1993. Relationships of marsh seed banks to vegetation patterns along environmental gradients. Freshwater Biology 29: 361-370.

Boutin, C. and P. A. Keddy. 1993. A functional classification of wetland plants. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 591-600. (Download PDF)

Wilson, S. D., D. R. J. Moore and P. A. Keddy. 1993. Relationships of marsh seed banks to vegetation patterns along environmental gradients. Freshwater Biology 29: 361-370.

Keddy, P. A., H. T. Lee, and I. C. Wisheu. 1993. Choosing indicators of ecosystem integrity: wetlands as a model system. in S. Woodley et al. (eds.) Ecological Integrity and the Management of Ecosystems. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL.

Wisheu, I. C. and P. A. Keddy. 1992. Competition and centrifugal organization of ecological communities: theory and tests. Journal of Vegetation Science 3: 147-156. (Download PDF)

Wisheu, I. C. and P. A. Keddy. 1992. Canada’s threatened coastal plain wetlands: habitat characteristics and conservation concerns. p.321-326 in J. H. Willison et al. (eds.) Science and the Management of Protected Areas. Elsevier, Amsterdam. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1992. A pragmatic approach to functional ecology. Functional Ecology 6: 621-626. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1992. Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 3: 157-164. (Download PDF)

Belcher, J., P. A. Keddy and P. F. C. Catling. 1992. Alvar vegetation in Canada: a multivariate description at two scales. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 1279-1291. (Download PDF)

Belcher, J. W. and P. A. Keddy. 1992. Protecting alvar vegetation: will the sum of the parts equal the whole? p.327-331 in J. H. Willison et al. (eds.) Science and the Management of Protected Areas. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Hill, N. and P. A. Keddy. 1992. Predicting numbers of rarities from habitat variables: coastal plain plants of Nova Scotian lakeshores. Ecology 73: 1852-1859. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1991. Plant competition and resources in old fields. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6: 235-237. (Download PDF)

Shipley, B. S., P. A. Keddy, D. R. J. Moore and C. Gaudet. 1991. A model of species density in shoreline vegetation. Ecology 72: 1658-1667. (Download PDF)

Shipley, B. S., P. A. Keddy and L. P. Lefkovitch. 1991 Mechanisms producing plant zonation along a water depth gradient: a comparison with the exposure gradient. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1420-1424. (Download PDF)

Wilson, S. D. and P. A. Keddy. 1991. Competition, survivorship and growth in macrophyte communities. Freshwater Biology 25: 331-337.

Johansson, M. E. and P. A. Keddy. 1991. Intensity and asymmetry of competition between plant pairs of different degrees of similarity – an experimental study on two guilds of wetland plants. Oikos 60: 27-34. (Download PDF)

Wisheu, I. C. and P. A. Keddy. 1991. Seed banks of a rare wetland plant community: distribution patterns and effects of human induced disturbance. Journal of Vegetation Science 2: 181-188.

Keddy, P. A. 1991. Working with heterogeneity: an operator’s guide to environmental gradients. in J. Kolasa and S. T. A. Pickett (eds.) Ecological Heterogeneity. Springer Verlag, New York. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1991. Biological monitoring and ecological prediction: from nature reserve management to national state of environmental indicators. in F.B. Goldsmith (ed.). Biological Monitoring for Conservation. Chapman and Hall, London. (Download PDF)

McCanny, S. J., P. A. Keddy, T. J. Arnason, C. L. Gaudet, D. R. J. Moore and B. Shipley. 1990. Fertility and the food quality of wetland plants: a test of the resource availability hypothesis. Oikos 59: 373-381. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and P. MacLellan. 1990. Centrifugal organization in forests. Oikos 58: 75-84. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1990. Competitive hierarchies and centrifugal organization in plant communities. p. 265-290 in J. Grace and D. Tilman (eds.) Perspectives on Plant Competition. Academic Press, New York.

Keddy, P. A. 1990. The use of functional as opposed to phylogenetic systematics: a first step in predictive community ecology. in S. Kawano (ed.) Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants. Academic Press, London. (Download PDF)

Moore, D. R. J. and P. A. Keddy. 1989. The relationship between species richness and standing crop in wetlands: the importance of scale. Vegetatio 79: 99-106. (Download PDF)

Shipley, B., P. A. Keddy, D. R. J. Moore and K. Lemky. 1989. Regeneration and establishment strategies of emergent macrophytes. Journal of Ecology 77: 1093-1110. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1989. Effects of competition from shrubs on herbaceous wetland plants: a four year field experiment. Canadian Journal of Botany 67: 708-716. (Download PDF)

Mailette, L. and P. A. Keddy. 1989. Two plants with contrasting architectures: growth responses to light gradients. Canadian Journal of Botany 67: 2825-2828.

Keddy, P. A. and I. C. Wisheu. 1989. Species richness-standing crop relationships along four lakeshore gradients: constraints on the general model. Canadian Journal of Botany 67: 1609-1617.

Keddy, P. A. and I. C. Wisheu. 1989. Ecology, biogeography and conservation of coastal plain plants: some general principles from the study of Nova Scotia wetlands. Rhodora 91: 72-94.(Download PDF)

Moore, D. R. J., P. A. Keddy, C. L. Gaudet and I. C. Wisheu. 1989. Conservation of wetlands: do infertile wetlands deserve a higher priority? Biological Conservation 47: 203-217 (Download PDF)

Wisheu, I. C. and P. A. Keddy. 1989. The conservation and management of a threatened coastal plain plant community in Eastern North America (Nova Scotia, Canada). Biological Conservation 48: 229-238. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and B. Shipley. 1989. Competitive hierarchies in herbaceous plant communities. Oikos 54: 234 241. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., I. Wisheu, B. Shipley and C. Gaudet. 1989. Seed banks and vegetation management for conservation: Towards predictive community ecology. p. 347-363 in M.A. Leck, V.T. Parker and R.L. Simpson (eds.) The Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Nilsson, C. and P. A. Keddy. 1988. Predictability of change in shoreline vegetation along a hydro electric reservoir, Northern Sweden. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 1896 1904. (Download PDF)

Shipley, B. and P. A. Keddy. 1988. The relationship between relative growth rate and sensitivity to nutrient stress in twenty eight emergent macrophytes. Journal of Ecology 76: 1101-1110. (Download PDF)

Gaudet, C. L. and P. A. Keddy. 1988. Predicting competitive ability from plant traits: a comparative approach. Nature 334: 242 243. (Download PDF)

Wilson, S. D. and P. A. Keddy. 1988. Survivorship, biomass accumulation and species richness along an environmental gradient. Oikos 53: 375-380.

Day, R., P. A. Keddy, J. McNeill and T. Carleton. 1988. Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology 69: 1044-1054. (Download PDF)

Moore, D. R. J. and P. A. Keddy. 1988. Effects of a water depth gradient on the germination of lakeshore plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 548-552. (Download PDF)

Shipley, B. and P. Keddy. 1987. The individualistic and community unit concepts as falsifiable hypotheses. Vegetatio 69: 47-55. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1987. Beyond reductionism and scholasticism in plant community ecology. Vegetatio 69: 209-211. (Download PDF)

Isabelle, P.S., L. J. Fooks, P. A. Keddy and S. D. Wilson. 1987. Effects of roadside snowmelt on wetland vegetation: an experimental study. Journal of Environmental Management 25: 57-60.

Wilson, S. D. and P. A. Keddy. 1986. Species competitive ability and position along a natural stress/disturbance gradient. Ecology 67: 1236-1242. (Download PDF)

Wilson, S. D. and P. A. Keddy. 1986. Measuring diffuse competition along an environmental gradient: results from a shoreline plant community. The American Naturalist 127: 862-869. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and A. A. Reznicek. 1986. Great Lakes vegetation dynamics: the role of fluctuating water levels and buried seeds. Journal of Great Lakes Research 12: 25-36. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. and P. Constabel. 1986. Germination of ten shoreline plants in relation to seed size, soil particle size and water level: an experimental study. Journal of Ecology 74: 133-141. (Download PDF)

Sharp, M. J. and P. A. Keddy. 1985. Biomass accumulation by Rhexia virginica and Triadenum fraseri along two lakeshore gradients: a field experiment. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1806-1810.

Keddy, P. A. and T. H. Ellis. 1985. Seedling recruitment of 11 wetland plant species along a water level gradient: shared or distinct responses? Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1876-1879. (Download PDF)

Wilson, S. D. and P. A. Keddy. 1985. Plant zonation on a lakeshore gradient: physiological response curves of component species. Journal of Ecology 73: 851-860. (Download PDF)

Sharp, M. J. and P. A. Keddy. 1985. A quantitative technique for estimating the boundaries of wetlands from vegetation data. Environmental Management 10: 107-112.

Keddy, P. A. 1985. Lakeshore plants in the Tusket River Valley, Nova Scotia: the distribution and status of some rare species including Coreopsis rosea and Sabatia kennedyana. Rhodora 87: 309-320. (Download PDF)

Wilson, S. D., P. A. Keddy,and D. L. Randall. 1985. The distribution of Xyris difformis Chapman along an environmental gradient: an experimental study. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1226-1230.

Wilson, S. D. and P. A. Keddy. 1985. The shoreline distribution of Juncus pelocarpus along a gradient of exposure to waves: an experimental study. Aquatic Botany 21: 277-284.

Keddy, P. A. 1985. Wave disturbance on lakeshores and the within lake distribution of Ontario’s Atlantic coastal plain flora. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 656-660. (Download PDF)

Reznicek, A. A. and P. A. Keddy. 1985. Water levels and wetland areas — a commentary. Journal of Surveying Engineering.

Keddy, P. A. and A. A. Reznicek. 1985. Vegetation dynamics, buried seeds and water level fluctuations on the shorelines of the Great Lakes. in H. H. Prince and F. M. D’Itri (eds.) Coastal Wetlands. Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea, MI.

Keddy, P. A. 1984. Plant zonation on lakeshores in Nova Scotia: a test of the resource specialisation hypothesis. Journal of Ecology 72: 797-808.

Poslusny, U., M. J. Sharp, and P. A. Keddy. 1984. Vegetative propagation in Rhexia virginica (Melastomataceae); some morphological and ecological considerations. Canadian Journal of Botany 62: 2118-2121.

Keddy, C. J. and P. A. Keddy. 1984. Reproductive biology of Cirsium pitcheri (Asteraceae). Michigan Botanist 23: 57-67.

Keddy, P. A. 1984. Quantifying a within lake gradient of wave energy in Gillfillan Lake, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Botany 62: 301-309.

Nicholson, A. and P. A. Keddy. 1983. The depth profile of a shoreline seed bank in Matchedash Lake, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany 61: 3293-3296.

Keddy, P. A. 1983. Shoreline vegetation in Axe Lake, Ontario: effects of exposure on zonation patterns. Ecology 64: 331-344. (Download PDF) (Download raw data)

Keddy, P. A. 1983. Freshwater wetlands human induced changes: indirect effects must also be considered. Environmental Management 4:299-302. (Download PDF) 

Keddy, C. J., P. A. Keddy and R. J. Planck. 1983. An ecological study of Cypripedium passerinum Rich. (Sparrow’s Egg Lady slipper, Orchidaceae) on the north shore of Lake Superior. Canadian Field Naturalist 97: 268-274.

Keddy, P. A. and A. A. Reznicek. 1982. The role of seed banks in the persistence of Ontario’s coastal plain flora. American Journal of Botany 69: 13-22. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P.A. 1982. Quantifying within lake gradients of wave energy: interrelationships of wave energy, substrate particle size and shoreline plants in Axe Lake, Ontario. Aquatic Botany 14: 41-58. (Download PDF).

Keddy, P. A. 1982. Population ecology on an environmental gradient: Cakile edentula on a sand dune. Oecologia 52: 348-355 (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1981. Vegetation with Atlantic coastal plain affinities in Axe Lake, near Georgian Bay, Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 95: 241-248. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1981. Why gametophytes and sporophytes are different: form and function in a terrestrial environment. The American Naturalist 118: 452-454.

Keddy, P. A. 1981. Experimental demography of the sand dune annual, Cakile edentula, growing along an environmental gradient. The Journal of Ecology 69: 615-630. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A. 1980. Population ecology in an environmental mosaic: Cakile edentula on a gravel bar. Canadian Journal of Botany 58: 1095-1100. (Download PDF)

Keddy, P. A., A. J. Spavold and C. J. Keddy. 1979. Snowmobile impact on old field and marsh vegetation in Nova Scotia, Canada: an experimental study. Environmental Management 3: 409- 415.

Maher, R. V., D. J. White, G. W. Argus and P. A. Keddy. 1978. The Rare Vascular Plants of Nova Scotia. Syllogeus Series Number 18, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.

Keddy, P. A. 1976. Lakes as islands: the distributional ecology of two aquatic plants, Lemna minor L. and L. trisulca L. Ecology 57: 163-359. (Download PDF)

Britton, D. M., C. J. Widén, D. F. Brunton and P. A. Keddy. 1975. A new hybrid woodfern, Dryopteris X algonquinensis D. M. Britton, from Algonquin Park, Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 89: 163-171.